Quetzalcoatlus : Flying giants of the Mesozoic era.

An animal the size of a giraffe, that could fly. Wouldn’t that be amazing? Majestic? Maybe a little terrifying?. Well, keep that image in mind, because over 66 million years ago, there was a giraffe-sized reptile that soared through the sky known as Quetzalcoatlus. Today, we’re familiar with two types of flying vertebrates -- birds and bats. But back in the Mesozoic Era, there was another kind of flying animal -- pterosaurs, cousins of dinosaurs who flew on wings of leathery skin. They were actually the very first vertebrates to take to the air. Pterosaurs came in lots of sizes, the smallest being about the size of a brown bat. But the biggest was so huge that paleontologists have been debating for decades about how such an enormous animal could actually fly. 

Related : Pterosaurs (Rulers of the sky during the Mesozoic era)

The modern story of this flying giant starts in 1971, when geology student Douglas Lawson stumbled across the fossil bones of an enormous creature in Big Bend National Park, in Texas. Those remains turned out to be part of a pterosaur’s wing -- 68 million years old and far larger than any that had been found before. Lawson named the giant flyer Quetzalcoatlus after the Aztec god Quetzalcoatl, a flying feathered serpent. I’m sure the pterosaur would have been flattered by the comparison. 

Other fossils have turned up in Texas and Montana, but, so far, experts are still hoping for that perfect skeleton that will show us the animal’s full size. At first, some studies put its wingspan at just under 16 meters across, but research since then has shrunk it down to about 11 meters. Which is, still, not too shabby! That’s about the same wingspan as a Cessna 172 airplane, and over three times larger than a wandering albatross -- the bird with the largest wingspan today.

And when Quetzalcoatlus stood on the ground, it would’ve been about 5 meters tall, as big as a giraffe. Now, it might seem absurd to think of something that big flying through the air. In fact, some paleontologists have doubted that it flew at all. Instead, they say it might have shuffled on the ground with its wings folded up. But recent research suggests that Quetzalcoatlus could fly -- and do so under its own power. For animals, there are basically two ways to get into the air. The easiest is gliding. Find a high place and just… jump! Flying squirrels, lizards, and even some snakes can do this. But there’s no indication that Quetzalcoatlus lived around lots of tall, convenient cliffs that it could jump from. And it’s hard to imagine it climbing a smaller, rocky outcrop to try to launch. So, even though it seems to push the limits of biomechanics, Quetzalcoatlus was probably capable of true powered flight. Unlike gliding, powered flight requires the active flapping of wings to stay in the air, like a bird or a bat does. The question, then, is: How did Quetzalcoatlus -- and other large pterosaurs -- get airborne? At first, it was thought that these animals were just like really big albatrosses, and they had to run and flap their wings until they took off. But recent studies have suggested a totally different, and unexpected, solution. 

Maybe Quetzalcoatlus used what experts call the quad-launch. Picture a pterosaur in a four-point stance -- standing on its feet and leaning on its folded wings. To get going, it would rock back into a crouch and then spring forward, using its wings to vault into the air. From there, the pterosaur could throw its wings open and flap away. Experts say this kind of launch may have been possible, because even though Quetzalcoatlus was huge, it was extremely light. That’s because its bones were very thin and full of air pockets. So, full-grown, it may have weighed between 200 and 250 kilograms -- about a quarter of what a giraffe weighs. And some experts think that -- in addition to being the biggest thing that ever flew -- Quetzalcoatlus could’ve gone on some pretty epic flights. 

Based on estimates of its mass, how much it had to eat, and how often it needed to stop, one study figured that Quetzalcoatlus could have soared at nearly 130 kilometers an hour, risen to heights of four and a half kilometers, and stayed aloft for a week at a time! If true, this would mean it had a global flight range greater than 13,000 kilometers -- enough to fly across entire oceans! Of course, this is only what’s possible. But there’s still a lot we have yet to learn about the world’s largest flying creatures. Paleontologists are on the lookout for more fossils that will help pin down how far these animals journeyed. But it’s still tantalizing to imagine. Quetzalcoatlus could have been one of the Earth’s first world travelers. 

Related : 

Dinosaurs and extinction event (Origin and end of prehistoric creatures. Life after the Extinction)